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The Fed - 2. Borrowing by Businesses and Households
debt continued its moderate decline relative to GDP, with the debt-to-GDP...debt-to-GDP (blue line) edged down but remained near the 75th percentile
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/november-2025-financial-stability-report-borrowing-by-business-and-households.htm
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The Fed - Financial Accounts of the United States - Z.1 - Current Release
One-to-four-family residential mortgages 12.7 13 13.4 13.8 13.6 13.7 13.8...GDP) stayed flat at 2.57 in the fourth quarter (figure 4), as both debt
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/Releases/Z1/20260319/html/recent_developments.htm
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The Fed - Financial Accounts of the United States - Z.1 - Current Release
One-to-four-family residential mortgages 12.7 13 13.4 13.8 13.6 13.7 13.8...GDP) stayed flat at 2.57 in the fourth quarter (figure 4), as both debt
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/Z1/20260319/html/recent_developments.htm
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The Fed - Financial Accounts of the United States - Z.1 - Current Release
One-to-four-family residential mortgages 12.7 13 13.4 13.8 13.6 13.7 13.8...GDP) stayed flat at 2.57 in the fourth quarter (figure 4), as both debt
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/20260319/html/recent_developments.htm
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Debt flexibility
Debt flexibility Rhys Bidder, Nicolas Crouzet, Margaret M. Jacobson, Michael...debt flexibility. Flexibility in debt contracts matters for both firms
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2023076r1pap.pdf
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The Fed - Official Reserve Revaluations: The International Experience
debts, often in exceptional fiscal circumstances. While reducing the debt...debt-to-GDP ratio continued to increase even after revaluation proceeds
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/official-reserve-revaluations-the-international-experience-20250801.html
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The Fed - 2. Borrowing by Businesses and Households
debt, including debt-to-GDP ratio and gross leverage, largely returned...debt-to-GDP ratio further declined from its pandemic highs because of
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2022-may-financial-stability-report-borrowing.htm
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Term Premium and Bank Lending
GDP growth? The role of banks.” We also thank the Center for Advancement...debt (Vayanos and Vila, 2021). At the time, observers interpreted the
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2023049r1pap.pdf
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Macroeconomic Effects of Alternative Monetary Policies in Pandemic-Driven Recession Scenarios
to maintain [the current] target range until it is confident that the ...GDP at the start of March 2020 to a peak of 45 percent of GDP in September
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC20200522memo02.pdf
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How Does Fiscal Policy affect the Transmission of Monetary Policy into Cross-border Bank Lending? Cross-country Evidence
debt-to-GDP ratio amplifies the negative impact of US monetary policy ...debt-to-GDP ratios are at their highest levels since the post-war period
URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/ifdp/files/ifdp1400.pdf
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